Amazon Fish Encyclopedia
The Air Breathing
Giant Arapaima
Amazon
Fish Species Guide
Species Fact Sheet
Arapaima Information
The Arapaima, also known as Pirarucu (Pee-Rah-Ruh-Koo) is one of the largest freshwater fish species in the world and an ancient beast that has remained relatively unchanged for millions of years. This air-breathing giant is known for its remarkable hunting ability and impressive aerial displays when hooked. As a protected species in many areas, catching an Arapaima is considered one of the ultimate achievements in freshwater sport fishing.
Catch Distribution
The estimated potential yield for Pirarucu is around 1,800 tons, with three key fishery regions contributing to 93% of this total. The Peruvian Amazon accounts for the largest share at 40%, followed by the Brazilian-Colombian-Peruvian Border at 33% and the Central Amazon at 28%.
Natural History
There are now four or five recognized species of Arapaima. Pirarucu belong to one of the two largest fish genera in the Amazon Basin, reaching lengths of at least 3 meters and weighing up to 150 kg. As air-breathing fish, they rely on a highly modified swim bladder that functions as a lung. Under normal conditions, they surface approximately every 20 minutes to breathe, though they can remain submerged for longer periods when necessary. This surfacing behavior makes them particularly vulnerable to harpoon fishermen. Historically, Pirarucu were among the most significant predators in the floodplain lakes of the Central and Western Amazon, but their populations have been severely depleted, and in some areas, they have been nearly wiped out.
Habitat & Distribution
Distribution of Arapaima in the Amazon Basin. Source: Barthem, R., Goulding, M. 2007. An unexpected ecosystem: the Amazon as revealed by fisheries. Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
The Arapaima thrives in slow-moving waters, floodplains, and oxbow lakes of the Amazon River Basin. Unlike most fish, it must surface to breathe air every 10-20 minutes due to its primitive lung-like organ. During the rainy season, they venture into flooded areas, while concentrating in deeper pools during the dry season.
- • Shallow water habitats
- • Dense vegetation cover
- • Perfect for ambush hunting
- • Seasonal hunting grounds
- • Submerged tree cover
- • Rich in prey species
- • Calm river bends
- • Oxygen-rich surface waters
- • Protected from strong currents
Behavior & Diet
The Arapaima is an opportunistic apex predator with a ferocious appetite. It uses powerful suction to engulf prey in an instant, and is known for its remarkable intelligence and adaptability in hunting strategies.
- • Primary food source
- • Uses powerful suction
- • Instant capture technique
- • Shrimp and crabs
- • Bottom feeding
- • Regular prey item
- • Surface attacks
- • Near-water prey
- • Impressive leaps
- • Fallen into water
- • Dietary supplement
- • Seasonal feeding
- • Waterside prey
- • Ambush hunting
- • Opportunistic catches
Known for their intelligence and adaptability, Arapaima can even leap out of the water to snatch prey from low-hanging branches, showcasing their remarkable hunting abilities.
Fishing Techniques & Best Practices
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Landing an Arapaima is a true test of skill, as they are extremely strong, acrobatic, and capable of breaking tackle. These ancient giants are known for their massive runs, powerful jumps, and thrashing—making them notoriously difficult to land.
Best Techniques
- Topwater Lure Fishing: Mimicking prey movements near the surface
- Live Bait Fishing: Using fish or large crustaceans
- Sight Fishing: Targeting them when they come up for air
Recommended Gear
- Rod: Heavy-duty casting or spinning rod (50-100 lb test)
- Reel: Large baitcasting or spinning reel with strong drag
- Line: Braided 80-150 lb test
- Bait: Large fish, cut bait, or artificial topwater lures
Fight Characteristics
Expect massive runs, powerful jumps, and thrashing. These prehistoric giants are known for their incredible strength and acrobatic displays, often leaping several feet out of the water. The fight can be intense and prolonged, requiring both skill and patience to successfully land the fish.
Conservation & Sustainability
The Arapaima has faced significant challenges due to overfishing for its highly prized meat and its slow reproductive rate. Strict catch-and-release policies are now enforced in many areas to protect this remarkable species. Many eco-lodges and conservation programs promote sustainable sport fishing, ensuring that future generations can experience the thrill of catching an Arapaima.
Best Practices for Catch & Release
Circle hooks reduce injury and mortality rates
Never fully remove from water during handling
Support the fish's body properly when handling
Ensure fish is fully revived before release
Conservation Initiatives
Many regions have implemented strict regulations and community-based management programs to protect Arapaima populations. Eco-lodges work closely with local communities to promote sustainable fishing practices while providing economic opportunities through sport fishing tourism.
These conservation efforts have shown promising results in many areas, with some populations showing recovery when properly managed. The combination of regulated sport fishing and local community involvement has created a sustainable model for Arapaima conservation.
Cultural Significance & Fun Facts
Armored Scales
The Arapaima's scales are incredibly tough and can withstand even piranha bites! They're so strong that indigenous people have traditionally used them as nail files.
Legendary Origins
In Amazonian legend, the Pirarucu (as it's locally known) was once a cruel warrior who was transformed into a fish by the gods as punishment.
Air Breathing
Unlike most fish, the Arapaima has evolved to breathe air, allowing it to survive in low-oxygen waters. It must surface every 10-20 minutes to take a breath!
Living Fossil
The Arapaima has remained virtually unchanged for over 23 million years, making it one of the most ancient freshwater fish species alive today.
